Obesity is a significant concern in numerous developed nations, including France, where approximately 10 million adults are affected in 2024, accounting for 18.1% of the population. To tackle this issue, anti-obesity treatments have gained popularity, as they offer rapid and substantial weight loss. However, this enthusiasm is accompanied by potential health risks.
Currently, around 700,000 individuals in France are utilizing anti-obesity medications such as Saxenda, Ozempic, and the newly introduced Wegovy, with expectations of this number reaching one million soon. This increase signifies a growing interest in these drugs in combating obesity and excess weight. However, this trend raises important questions regarding prescription management and the significance of effective medical supervision to ensure safety and efficacy in these treatments.
How do anti-obesity treatments work?
Most obesity medications, such as Ozempic and Wegovy, belong to the class of GLP-1 agonists: these medications mimic a gut hormone (of the same name) that signals the brain to feel full and slows down digestion. The aim is to assist patients in consuming less food.
What is the mechanism in the body?
- Mimicking GLP-1: These medications imitate the GLP-1 hormone, produced by the intestine, which communicates satiety to the brain, helping to diminish appetite.
- Slowing digestion: By delaying gastric emptying, they prolong the sensation of fullness, encouraging reduced food intake.
How to obtain them?
- Who can prescribe?: These medications are typically prescribed by physicians, including endocrinologists, general practitioners, and nutrition specialists.
- Who qualifies?: They are mainly intended for individuals diagnosed with obesity or overweight, with common prescriptions for patients managing Type 2 diabetes who struggle to control their condition.
How to use them?
- Administration method: Anti-obesity medications are administered via subcutaneous injection. Patients utilize prefilled pens to facilitate self-administration at home.
- Frequency: These treatments are usually injected weekly, allowing patients to consistently follow their regimen.
In France, these treatments are not prohibited for children, although their application is strictly regulated. Certain medications, such as Saxenda, can be prescribed to adolescents aged 12 years and older, while others like Ozempic and Wegovy are reserved for adults.
What are the benefits of anti-obesity treatments?
Anti-obesity treatments, including the widely used Ozempic and Wegovy, offer several advantages:
- Weight loss: Naturally, these medications can lead to significant weight reduction, thereby decreasing the risk of diseases like Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular conditions.
- Improved quality of life: Additionally, weight loss often results in increased mobility and self-esteem.
- Appetite regulation: These treatments assist in appetite control and enable individuals to feel satisfied more quickly, promoting healthier food choices.
- Reduced depressive symptoms: Decreasing weight may also alleviate depression and anxiety linked to obesity.
Before commencing treatment, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional, such as a nutritionist or obesity specialist.
What are the side effects of anti-obesity treatments?
The National Agency for the Safety of Medicines (ANSM) and other health authorities have raised concerns about the rising prescriptions of these medications. Certain side effects may occur, including:
Digestive issues:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain
Risk of gallstones: This risk increases with rapid weight loss. Small stones may develop in the gallbladder, an organ located beneath the liver that aids in fat digestion.
Serious complications:
- Intestinal obstructions
- Pancreatitis
In France, nutritionists support individuals facing obesity and managing health issues related to it. There are also specialized centers where endocrinologists, dietitians, and psychologists collaborate to provide comprehensive support.
What are the concerning trends regarding anti-obesity treatments?
The increase in the use of anti-obesity treatments has led to alarming trends.
- Inappropriate usage: Some individuals use these drugs to lose weight for cosmetic reasons, even if they are not obese.
- Insufficient monitoring: Patients often lack the necessary follow-up to address side effects.
- Psychological dependence: Long-term usage may lead to dependency, complicating weight management without these medications.
The ANSM has reported that about 1.5% of patients are using these medications inappropriately, though this number could be higher.
What are the long-term risks of anti-obesity treatments?
Many health authorities have cautioned against serious adverse effects that may escalate if access to these medications broadens. Ongoing studies are focusing on:
- Long-term effects: Concerns are rising regarding potential risks of thyroid or gastrointestinal cancers.
- Anesthesia: Complications may arise during anesthesia procedures for patients using these treatments.
- Mental health: Although intended to enhance well-being, some reports have indicated suicidal ideations, highlighting the need for increased monitoring.
IMPORTANT NOTE
Recently, France approved a new medication for treating obesity: Wegovy. Its popularity can be partly attributed to its effectiveness, as it may help individuals lose about 15% of their body weight, significantly more than older medications. Besides weight reduction, it could lower the risks of severe health issues like heart disease and diabetes. It costs approximately 300 euros per month, and currently, there is no reimbursement available. Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
